Haplogroup C (mtDNA)

In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup C is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.

Origin

Haplogroup C is believed to have arisen in East Asia some 24,000 years before present. It is a descendant of the haplogroup M. Haplogroup C shares six mutations downstream of the MRCA of haplogroup M with haplogroup Z and five mutations downstream of the MRCA of haplogroup M with other members of haplogroup M8. This macro-haplogroup is known as haplogroup M8'CZ or simply as haplogroup M8.

Distribution

Haplogroup C is found in Northeast Asia (including Siberia) and the Americas. In Eurasia, Haplogroup C is especially frequent among populations of arctic Siberia, such as Nganasans, Dolgans, Yakuts, Evenks, Evens, Yukaghirs, and Koryaks. Haplogroup C is one of five mtDNA haplogroups found in the indigenous peoples of the Americas, the others being A, B, D, and X. The subclades C1b, C1c, C1d, and C4c are found in the first people of the Americas. C1a is found only in Asia.

In 2010, Icelandic researchers discovered C1e lineage in their home country, estimating an introduction date of year 1700 AD or earlier, indicating a possible introduction during the Viking expeditions to the Americas. A Native American origin for this C1e lineage is likely, but the researchers note that a European or Asian one cannot be ruled out.

In 2014, a study discovered a new mtDNA subclade C1f from the remains of 3 people found in north-western Russia and dated to 7,500 years ago. It has not been detected in modern populations. The study proposed the hypothesis that the sister C1e and C1f subclades had split early from the most recent common ancestor of the C1 clade and had evolved independently. Subclade C1e had a northern European origin. Iceland was settled by the Vikings 1,130 years ago and they had raided heavily into western Russia, where the sister subclade C1f is now known to have resided. They proposed that both subclades were brought to Iceland through the Vikings, however C1e went extinct on mainland northern Europe due to population turnover and its small representation, and subclade C1f went extinct completely.

In 2015, a study conducted in the Aconcagua mummy identified its mtDNA lineage belongs to the subclade C1bi, which contains 10 distinct mutations from C1b.

Table of Frequencies by ethnic group

Subclades

Tree

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup C subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation and subsequent published research.

CZ
- C - China (Mongol from Chifeng), Korea, Russia (Bashkortostan), India
  - C1 - Paraguay (Alto Parana), ancient DNA from specimen I0061 (from Yuzhniy Oleni Ostrov, Lake Onega, Russia, 7450 - 6950 ybp)
    - C1a
      - C1a* – Ulchi, Nanai, Daur, Mongol (Hulunbuir)
      - C1a1 – Buryat, Kyrgyz (Kyrgyzstan)
      - C1a2 – Japan
    - C1b
      - C1b*
      - C1b1
        C1b1*
        
        C1b1a
        C1b1a* – Mexican American
        
        C1b1a1 – Mexican American
        
        C1b1b – Native American, Mexican American
      - C1b2
        C1b2* – Peru, Paraguay
        
        C1b2a – Peru
        
        C1b2b – Colombia
        
        C1b2c
        C1b2c* – USA, Puerto Rico, Paraguay, Spain
        
        C1b2c1 – Paraguay
      - C1b3
        C1b3* – Peru
        
        C1b3a - Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatera, Papua Nugini dan Sulawesi)
        C1b3a* – Peru
        
        C1b3a1 – Argentina
      - C1b4 – Ecuador, Peru, USA
      - C1b5
    - C1c
      - C1c1
      - C1c2
    - C1d – Argentina (Buenos Aires), Colombia (Boyacá), Mexico (Tamaulipas, Guanajuato, Chihuahua, etc.), United States (Mexican Americans), Canada (Shuswap)
      - C1d1
      - C1d2 – Colombia (Mestizo)
        C1d2a – Colombia (Mestizos)
    - C1e – Iceland
    - C1f – Pamiri Tajik (Gorno-Badakhshan), India (Marathi), Scotland, Italy, Mesolithic NW Russia
    - C1g – Mesolithic NW Russia (Karelia)
  - C4 – Upper Palaeolithic (14050 - 13770 ybp) Ust-Kyakhta (Buryatia), Late Neolithic-Bronze Age Irkutsk Oblast, Late Neolithic-Iron Age Yakutia, Tubalar (Ederbes), Todzhin (Toora-Hem, Iiy, Adir-Kezhig), Yukaghir (Andrushkino), Yukaghir/Chuvan (Markovo), Russian, Myanmar
    - C4a'b'c - Irkutsk Oblast (6815 ybp), India (Jenu Kuruba)
      - C4a – China (Guangdong, Han from Beijing)
        C4a1 – Mongol from Chifeng and Hulunbuir, Tashkurgan (Kyrgyz, Sarikoli, Wakhi), Czech Republic, Denmark
        C4a1a – Korea, China, Uyghur, Buryat (South Siberia), Denmark, Sweden, France, Scotland, Canada
        C4a1a1
        C4a1a1a
        C4a1a1a1 - Lepcha, Sherpa (Nepal)
        
        C4a1a1a2 - Lachungpa
        
        C4a1a1a3 - Wancho
        
        C4a1a1b - Poland, Finland (Hamina)
        
        C-T195C! – Ireland, Scotland, England, USA, Hungary (Szeged region), Poland, Belarus, Russia (Russian, Buryat), Turkey, Pakistan (Hazara), India (Jammu and Kashmir), China (Bargut and Mongol in Inner Mongolia, etc.), Korea
        C4a1a2 – China
        C4a1a2a – China (Han from Ili, Han from Henan, etc.)
        
        C4a1a2b
        C4a1a2b1 - China
        
        C4a1a2b2 - Uyghur
        
        C4a1a3 – Bronze Age Irkutsk Oblast (Ust'-Belaya, Khaptsagai, Silinskij, Chastaja Padi), Russian (Kemerovo Oblast), Koryak, Yukaghir, Yakut, Evenk (Nyukzha, Chumikan, Nelkan/Dzhigda), Even (Sakkyryyr, Sebjan, Tompo, Markovo, Kamchatka), Udinsk Buryat (Kushun), Todzhin (Toora-Hem, Adir-Kezhig), Altai Kizhi, Iran (Qashqai), Sweden
        C4a1a3a – Yakut, Buryat (Buryat Republic, Irkutsk Oblast), Bargut, Nentsi
        C4a1a3a1 – Yakut, Nganasan (Vadei of Taimyr Peninsula)
        C4a1a3a1a - Evenk (Taimyr, Stony Tunguska)
        
        C4a1a3a1b - Tofalar
        
        C4a1a3b – Bargut, Uyghur
        C4a1a3b1 - Chelkan, Tubalar
        
        C4a1a3c – Evenk (Taimyr Peninsula, Stony Tunguska)
        
        C4a1a3d – Yakut
        
        C4a1a4 – Buryat, Kazakhstan
        C4a1a4a – Evenk (Okhotsk region), Shor
        
        C4a1a5 – Teleut, Ladakh
        
        C4a1a6
        C4a1a6a - Russia (Bashkortostan, Khamnigan), Kyrgyzstan (Kyrgyz), Inner Mongolia (Bargut, Buryat)
        
        C4a1a6b - Buryat (South Siberia, Inner Mongolia), Uyghur
        
        C4a1a7 - Denmark
        
        C4a1b – China, Thailand (Palaung)
        
        C4a1c - Russia (Bashkortostan, Adygei), Iran (Azerbaijanian), China (Xibo, Mongol from Tianjin)
        
        C4a2
        C4a2a – Yakut, Evenk (Chumikan)
        C4a2a1 – Bronze Age (2275 - 2040 cal BC) Irkutsk Oblast (specimen irk076 from burial 3 at the Shamanka 2 site, South Baikal), Shor, Chelkan, Teleut, Altai Kizhi, Yakut, Kazakh, Ket, Evenk (Stony Tunguska, Taimyr), Buryat (Irkutsk Oblast, Inner Mongolia), China, Korea
        C4a2a1a – Yukaghir, Yakut, Evenk (Nyukzha, Iyengra, Nelkan/Dzhigda), Even (Tompo)
        
        C4a2a1b – Evenk (Nyukzha), Yakut
        C4a2a1b1 - Evenk (Nyukzha)
        
        C4a2a1c - China (Zhejiang, Uyghurs), Buryat, Todzhin (Iiy), Karanogay (Dagestan)
        C4a2a1c1 - Tofalar (Alygdzher, Nerkha, V. Gutara), Khamnigan
        
        C4a2a1c2 - Uyghurs
        
        C4a2a1d - Uyghurs
        C4a2a1d1 - Udinsk Buryat (Kushun), Tofalar (V. Gutara), Evenk (Central Siberia)
        
        C4a2a1d2 - Evenk (Nelkan/Dzhigda), Evenk/Nivkh (Val)
        
        C4a2a1e - Bargut (Inner Mongolia), Buryat (Irkutsk Oblast)
        
        C4a2a1f - Buryat (South Siberia, Irkutsk Oblast)
        
        C4a2a1g - Ket
        
        C4a2b – Tibet, Korea
        C4a2b1 – Wancho
        
        C4a2b2 – China (Han from Beijing)
        C4a2b2a – Tibet (Sherpa)
        
        C4a2c – Bargut (Inner Mongolia)
        C4a2c1 – India (Jenu Kuruba)
        
        C4a2c2 – Lepcha
        C4a2c2a – Ladakh
      - C4b – Mongol from Jilin and Hulunbuir, Yukaghir, Altai Kizhi, Ukraine, Slovakia
        C4b1 – Yukaghir, Buryat, Mongol from Jilin
        C4b1a – Bargut (Inner Mongolia)
        
        C4b1b – Evenk (Stony Tunguska), Buryat
        
        C4b2 – Koryak
        C4b2a – Koryak, Chukchi
        
        C4b3 – Yakut, Altai Kizhi
        C4b3a – Yukaghir, Even (Berezovka), Mongol from Xilingol
        C4b3a1 – Yukaghir
        
        C4b3b – Buryat, Evenk (Stony Tunguska)
        
        C4b5 – Khamnigan, Buryat
        
        C4b6 – Altai Kizhi, Tubalar
        
        C4b7 – Yukaghir
        
        C4b8 – Yakut
        C4b8a – Nganasan
      - C4c – Ijka
        C4c1 – Sioux (Carson County of South Dakota), Shuswap, Canada, USA, France, Spain
        C4c1a – Cherokee (Flint District of Oklahoma)
        
        C4c1b – Chippewa (Trempealeau in Wisconsin), Ottawa or Chippewa (Sault Saint Marie, Chippewa County, Michigan), Canada
        
        C4c2 – Métis (Red River, Manitoba), USA
    - C4-T152C! – Russia (Bashkortostan), England
      - C4-T152C!-A12780G - Uyghur
        C4d – Turkey, Tibet (Chamdo, Nyingchi, Shannan, Lhoba), Thailand (Khon Mueang from Chiang Mai Province), Han from Beijing, Mongol from Tongliao
      - C4-T152C!-T4742C - Altai Republic (ancient DNA), Uyghur
        C4-T152C!-T4742C-T16093C - Kyrgyz (Kyrgyzstan), Tibet (Nyingchi)
        
        C4-T152C!-T4742C-T8602C - Sarikoli (Tashkurgan), Burusho (Pakistan)
        
        C4-T152C!-T4742C-T8602C-G11176A - Pamiri (Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region of Tajikistan)
      - C4e – Teleut, Shor
  - C5 – India
    - C5a – Azeri
      - C5a1 – Mongol (Bayannur, Hohhot, Chifeng), Bargut (Inner Mongolia), Buryat (Irkutsk Oblast), Xibo (HGDP), Kazakhstan
        C5a1a - Khanty, Altai Kizhi
        
        C5a1b - Even (Severo-Evensk district), Ulchi
        
        C5a1c - Yakut, Khamnigan (South Siberia)
        
        C5a1d - Buryat (South Siberia, Inner Mongolia)
        
        C5a1e - Uyghur
        
        C5a1f - Uyghur
      - C5a2
        C5a2a – Buryat (South Siberia, Buryat Republic), Turkey
        C5a2a1 - Evenk (Nyukzha, Iyengra)
        
        C5a2b – Yukaghir (Nelemnoye), Koryak, Chukchi, Evenk (Nelkan/Dzhigda), Even (Kamchatka)
        C5a2b1 – Koryak
    - C5b – Poland
      - C5b1 – Mongol (Bayannur, Shanxi), Buryat (South Siberia), Tofalar, Todjin, Tuvan, Sojot, Ladakh, Japan
        C5b1a – Evenk (Central Siberia)
        C5b1a1 – Nganasan, Yakut, Buryat (South Siberia), Khamnigan (South Siberia), Kyrgyz (Tashkurgan)
        C5b1a1a - Tofalar (Nerkha, Alygdzher, V. Gutara), Todzhi-Tuva (Alygdzher), Buryat (South Siberia)
        
        C5b1a2 - Altai Kizhi (South Siberia), Irtysh-Barabinsk Tatar (Novosibirsk Oblast)
        
        C5b1b – Khakas
        C5b1b* – Buryat (South Siberia), Russia (Chechen Republic), Bulgaria (Turk in Dobrich)
        
        C5b1b1 – Yakut
        C5b1b1a - Yakut, Even (Sebjan), Evenk (Stony Tunguska), Russian
        
        C5b1b2 - Uyghur
    - C5-T16093C – Japan (Aichi), Korea, Han (Beijing)
      - C5c – Tubalar, Teleut, Afghanistan, Persian (Iran), Czech Republic
        C5c-C16234T – Kurd (Iran), Armenia, Turkey, Kuwait
        C5c1 – Poland, Sweden, Greece
        C5c1a – Russian (Uzbekistan), Ukraine, Lithuania, Poland, Slovakia, Austria, Germany, England, Scotland, Ireland, Italy, USA, Canada
      - C5d – China, Vietnam (Hmong)
        C5d1 – Altai Kizhi, Tuvan, Evenk (Stony Tunguska), Yukaghir
        
        C5d2 – Khamnigan, China
  - C7 – South Korea, China, Taiwan (Hakka), Thailand (Khon Mueang in Chiang Rai Province, Chiang Mai Province, and Lamphun Province), Vietnam (Kinh, Tay, Jarai)
    - C7a – Han (Beijing, Yunnan, Denver, etc.), Uyghur, Taiwan (Paiwan, Minnan), Lahu, Thailand (incl. Urak Lawoi, Lao Isan in Chaiyaphum Province, Khon Mueang in Lamphun Province, Khon Mueang in Lampang Province, Kaleun in Nakhon Phanom Province, Black Tai in Loei Province, Phuan in Suphan Buri Province), Vietnam (Hani, Yao, Gelao)
      - C7a1 – China, Mongol (Alxa), Taiwan (Makatao), USA (Han Chinese in Denver), Korea
        C7a1a – Thailand (Mon in Lopburi Province)
        C7a1a1 – Wancho
        
        C7a1a2 – Dirang Monpa
        
        C7a1b – Northern Thailand (Tai Lue), Vietnam (Nung)
        
        C7a1c – Uyghurs, Mongol (Hebei, Tongliao, Hinggan, Hulunbuir), Chinese (Fengcheng, Shandong, Fujian, Taixing, etc.), Taiwan, Korea, Vietnam
        C7a1c1 – Evenk (Central Siberia, Nyukzha River basin, Okhotsk region), Uyghur
        
        C7a1d – Wancho
        
        C7a1f – Thailand (Karen)
        C7a1f1 – Thailand (Karen, Shan, Khon Mueang from Mae Hong Son Province, Mon from Kanchanaburi Province)
        C7a1f1a – Thailand (S'gaw Karen, Khon Mueang in Chiang Rai Province)
      - C7a2 – China, Dai, Laos (Lao in Luang Prabang), Thailand (Khon Mueang in Chiang Mai Province, Khon Mueang in Chiang Rai Province, Lao Isan in Roi Et Province, Phutai in Sakon Nakhon Province, Mon in Nakhon Ratchasima Province), Myanmar (Yangon)
        C7a2a – China (Shantou, etc.), Taiwan (Hakka, Makatao, etc.)
      - C7a3
      - C7a4
      - C7a5
      - C7a6
    - C7-A16051G – Bargut (Inner Mongolia)
      - C7b – Gallong, Naxi, Ukraine, Moldova, Austria
    - C7c – Korea
    - C7d – Taiwan (Hakka), Vietnam (Vietnamese), Thailand (Khon Mueang in Mae Hong Son Province, Lao Isan in Roi Et Province), Cambodia (Kampong Cham)
    - C7e – Cambodia (Takéo), Thailand (Khmer in Surin Province)

Popular culture

In his popular book The Seven Daughters of Eve, Bryan Sykes named the originator of this mtDNA haplogroup Chochmingwu.
Cellist Yo-Yo Ma belongs to the mtDNA haplogroup C.
Actor and film producer Adrian Grenier carries haplogroup C1b2.

References

Bibliography

External links

General
- Ian Logan's Mitochondrial DNA Site
- Mannis van Oven's Phylotree
Haplogroup C
- YFull MTree's Haplogroup C
- MITOMAP's Haplogroup C
- FamilyTreeDNA's mtDNA Haplotree: Haplogroup C
- Spread of Haplogroup C, from National Geographic

Mtdna Haplogroup H Map Hot Sex Picture